What LLMs can an M1 Mac (16 GB) run?
An M1 Mac (16 GB) gives a model 10.7 GB usable of memory (about two thirds of unified memory is usable by the GPU) and 68.25 GB/s of bandwidth. Of the 61 open models tracked here, 17 fit at Q4_K_M with an 8,192-token context, each leaving at least 0.5 GB free on the M1 Mac (16 GB).
Models that fit on one M1 Mac (16 GB)
The most precise weights that still fit with 8K tokens of context and one request, the memory that takes, the longest context at that precision and the writing speed. Bigger models come first.
| Model | Best precision | Memory | Longest context | Tokens/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemma 4 12B 12.0B | GGUF Q5_K_M | 9.84 GB | 28K | 4.1–5.6 |
| ZDTaichu 5.0 9B 9.8B | GGUF Q6_K | 9.00 GB | 42K | 4.5–6.1 |
| Ornith 1.5 9B 9.7B | GGUF Q6_K | 8.88 GB | 46K | 4.6–6.2 |
| Qwen3.5 9B 9.7B | GGUF Q6_K | 8.88 GB | 46K | 4.6–6.2 |
| Ornith 1.0 9B 9.4B | GGUF Q6_K | 8.68 GB | 52K | 4.7–6.4 |
| MiMo V2.6 Distill Qwen 9B 9.4B | GGUF Q6_K | 8.68 GB | 52K | 4.7–6.4 |
| Granite 4.2 8B 8.8B | GGUF Q6_K | 9.26 GB | 13K | 4.4–6.0 |
| LFM2.5 8B-A1B 8.5B, 1.5B active | GGUF Q8_0 | 9.82 GB | 37K | 12–20 |
| Qwen3 8B 8.2B | FP8 / INT8 | 10.1 GB | 8K | 4.0–5.4 |
| Llama 3.1 8B 8.0B | FP8 / INT8 | 9.83 GB | 10K | 4.1–5.6 |
| Gemma 4 E4B 8.0B | GGUF Q8_0 | 9.38 GB | 55K | 4.3–5.9 |
| Ling 3.0 Tiny 7.9B-A1.3B 7.9B, 1.3B active | GGUF Q8_0 | 9.15 GB | 128K (full) | 14–23 |
| Spark-X2.5 4B 4.1B | FP16 / BF16 | 9.35 GB | 29K | 4.3–5.9 |
| Nemotron 3 Nano 4B 4.0B | FP16 / BF16 | 8.78 GB | 90K | 4.6–6.3 |
| Granite 4.2 3B 3.7B | FP16 / BF16 | 8.69 GB | 25K | 4.7–6.4 |
| MiniCPM5 2B 2.5B | FP16 / BF16 | 6.02 GB | 100K | 6.9–9.5 |
| Limite 1B Violetto 1.0B | FP16 / BF16 | 2.79 GB | 128K (full) | 16–23 |
Raising the GPU memory limit on an M1 Mac (16 GB)
macOS lets the GPU wire about 10.7 GB of this Mac's 16 GB by default. Running
sudo sysctl iogpu.wired_limit_mb=12288 raises that to 12 GB, leaving
4 GB to macOS and the apps next to it, until the next restart
(macOS 14 or newer; iogpu.wired_limit_mb=0 restores the default). LM Studio and Ollama pick the new limit up after a restart of the app.
At 12 GB, 17 of the 61 models fit at Q4_K_M with 8K context, against 17 by default
. Gemma 4 12B, the biggest model that fits already, goes from 102K to 178K of context. If macOS runs short of memory it swaps or kills apps, so close big apps first and raise the limit in steps.
Too big for M1 Mac (16 GB) at 8K context
How much memory each of these lacks at Q4_K_M (gpt-oss-20b and gpt-oss-120b at MXFP4) with 8K context, one request and 0.5 GB kept free, out of the 10.7 GB usable here; a bigger machine or a smaller quant is the way in.
- gpt-oss-20b: 4.62 GB short
- Gemma 4 26B-A4B: 6.79 GB short
- Hemmingway-1 27B: 7.78 GB short
- Qwen3.6 27B: 8.07 GB short
- Qwen3.8 27B: 8.07 GB short
- Granite 4.2 30B: 10.6 GB short
- Muse Glimmer 30B: 8.97 GB short
- Qwen3-Coder 30B-A3B: 10.0 GB short
- Qwen3 30B-A3B: 10.0 GB short
- Xing 4.0 29B-A4B: 10.0 GB short
- GLM-4.7 Flash: 10.1 GB short
- Gemma 4 31B: 11.7 GB short
- Nemotron 3 Nano 30B-A3B: 9.92 GB short
- LLM-jp-4.1 32B-A3B Thinking: 10.8 GB short
- Ornith 1.0 35B: 12.2 GB short
- Ornith 1.5 35B-A3B: 12.8 GB short
- Qwen3.6 35B-A3B: 12.8 GB short
- K2-Horizon MoVA 36B-A4B: 15.2 GB short
- Llama 3.1 70B: 36.8 GB short
- Qwen3-Coder-Next: 39.9 GB short
- AliceAI Foundation 80B-A3B: 40.9 GB short
- gpt-oss-120b: 57.5 GB short
- Nemotron 3 Super 120B-A12B: 67.0 GB short
- Qwen3.5 122B-A10B: 68.0 GB short
- Mistral Medium 3.5 128B: 72.5 GB short
- Qwen3.8 Flash Next: 102 GB short
- Step 3.7 Flash 196B-A11B: 116 GB short
- MiniMax M2.7: 134 GB short
- DeepSeek V4 Flash: 171 GB short
- DeepSeek V4 Flash 0731: 180 GB short
- MiMo V2.6 Flash: 183 GB short
- IQuest-Q1 320B-A15B: 191 GB short
- GLM-5.3 Flash: 190 GB short
- MiniMax M3: 256 GB short
- DeepSeek V3 / R1: 415 GB short
- DeepSeek V3.2: 416 GB short
- GLM-5.3: 458 GB short
- GLM-5.2: 458 GB short
- DeepSeek V4.1 Flash: 464 GB short
- Hy4 Preview 770B-A49B: 474 GB short
- MiMo V2.6 Pro: 626 GB short
- DeepSeek V4 Pro: 982 GB short
- Qwen3.8 2.4T-A95B: 1,507 GB short
- Kimi K3: 1,714 GB short
Best models for M1 Mac (16 GB) with room for long context
The biggest models that still fit at Q4_K_M with 32,768 tokens of context (or their whole window, if shorter), the memory left over, the longest context the Mac takes at that precision and the writing speed with that context in the cache, from 68.25 GB/s of bandwidth.
| Model | Context | Memory | Left over | Longest context | Tokens/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemma 4 12B 12.0B | 32K | 8.98 GB | 1.72 GB | 102K | 4.5–6.2 |
| ZDTaichu 5.0 9B 9.8B | 32K | 7.67 GB | 3.03 GB | 105K | 5.3–7.3 |
| Ornith 1.5 9B 9.7B | 32K | 7.58 GB | 3.12 GB | 108K | 5.4–7.4 |
| Qwen3.5 9B 9.7B | 32K | 7.58 GB | 3.12 GB | 108K | 5.4–7.4 |
| Ornith 1.0 9B 9.4B | 32K | 7.43 GB | 3.27 GB | 112K | 5.5–7.5 |
llama-server commands for an M1 Mac (16 GB)
GGUF repos checked 2026-09-29; -c is the longest context with 0.5 GB free on the M1 Mac (16 GB). No -ngl: llama.cpp’s -fit, on by default since b7440, places the layers.
Gemma 4 12B, Q4_K_M with 102K tokens: 3.9–5.4 tokens/s on the M1 Mac (16 GB)
llama-server -hf unsloth/gemma-4-12b-it-GGUF:Q4_K_M -c 104448 -np 1gemma-4-12b-it-Q4_K_M.gguf, 7.1 GB: 10.2 GB used and 531 MB free of the M1 Mac (16 GB)'s 10.7 GB usable, 3.9–5.4 tokens/s once the 102K cache is full. -np 1: one slot, one sliding window.
Ornith 1.5 9B, Q4_K_M with 105K tokens: 4.0–5.5 tokens/s on the M1 Mac (16 GB)
llama-server -hf bartowski/Ornith-1.5-9B-GGUF:Q4_K_M -c 107520Ornith-1.5-9B-Q4_K_M.gguf, 5.9 GB: 10.2 GB used and 548 MB free of the M1 Mac (16 GB)'s 10.7 GB usable, 4.0–5.5 tokens/s once the 105K cache is full.
Qwen3.5 9B, Q4_K_M with 108K tokens: 3.9–5.4 tokens/s on the M1 Mac (16 GB)
llama-server -hf unsloth/Qwen3.5-9B-GGUF:Q4_K_M -c 110592Qwen3.5-9B-Q4_K_M.gguf, 5.7 GB: 10.2 GB used and 517 MB free of the M1 Mac (16 GB)'s 10.7 GB usable, 3.9–5.4 tokens/s once the 108K cache is full.
How fast the M1 Mac (16 GB) writes as the context fills
Tokens per second at Q4_K_M for the biggest models that fit with 32K tokens, with 8K and 32K tokens in the cache and at the longest context the Mac holds, and at Q8_0 with 8K where that fits. Each token reads the active weights and the whole cache once, so the speed follows the 68.25 GB/s of bandwidth and falls as the cache grows. The ceiling is that bandwidth divided by the bytes read per token, which no runtime reaches; the reply time is for 1,000 new tokens with 32K (or the longest context) in the cache, prompt processing aside. With the same memory, M2 or M3 Mac (16 GB), 100 GB/s, writes 46% faster on average; M4 Mac (16 GB), 120 GB/s, writes 75% faster on average; M5 Mac (16 GB), 153 GB/s, writes 122% faster on average; M1 Pro or M2 Pro Mac (16 GB), 200 GB/s, writes 188% faster on average.
| Model | 8K | 32K | Longest | At the longest | Q8_0 at 8K | Bandwidth ceiling at 8K | 1,000-token reply at 32K |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemma 4 12B | 4.7–6.5 | 4.5–6.2 | 102K | 3.9–5.4 | Does not fit | 9 | 162–222 s |
| ZDTaichu 5.0 9B | 6.0–8.2 | 5.3–7.3 | 105K | 3.9–5.4 | Does not fit | 11 | 137–188 s |
| Ornith 1.5 9B | 6.1–8.3 | 5.4–7.4 | 108K | 3.9–5.4 | Does not fit | 11 | 136–186 s |
| Qwen3.5 9B | 6.1–8.3 | 5.4–7.4 | 108K | 3.9–5.4 | Does not fit | 11 | 136–186 s |
| Ornith 1.0 9B | 6.2–8.5 | 5.5–7.5 | 112K | 3.9–5.4 | Does not fit | 11 | 133–182 s |
| MiMo V2.6 Distill Qwen 9B | 6.2–8.5 | 5.5–7.5 | 112K | 3.9–5.4 | Does not fit | 11 | 133–182 s |
| LFM2.5 8B-A1B | 20–33 | 15–26 | 128,000 | 8.2–14 | 12–20 | 68 | 39–65 s |
| Llama 3.1 8B | 6.3–8.6 | 4.1–5.6 | 34K | 4.0–5.4 | Does not fit | 12 | 179–245 s |
| Gemma 4 E4B | 7.4–10 | 6.9–9.4 | 128K | 5.3–7.3 | 4.3–5.9 | 14 | 106–146 s |
| Ling 3.0 Tiny 7.9B-A1.3B | 23–40 | 20–33 | 128K | 12–20 | 14–23 | 81 | 30–51 s |
M1 Mac (16 GB) against the other Macs with 10.7 GB usable
The same models fit on every Mac with 10.7 GB usable, so speed is what separates them. By bandwidth the M1 Mac (16 GB) is the slowest of the 5 Macs with 10.7 GB usable at 68.25 GB/s. Over the 12 biggest models that fit at Q4_K_M with 8K context, the M2 or M3 Mac (16 GB), at 100 GB/s, writes 46% faster, the M4 Mac (16 GB), at 120 GB/s, writes 75% faster, the M5 Mac (16 GB), at 153 GB/s, writes 122% faster and the M1 Pro or M2 Pro Mac (16 GB), at 200 GB/s, writes 188% faster than the M1 Mac (16 GB). Each cell below is the other Mac's tokens per second minus this one's, midpoints of the estimated ranges.
| Model | M1 Mac (16 GB) tokens/s | M2 or M3 Mac (16 GB) | M4 Mac (16 GB) | M5 Mac (16 GB) | M1 Pro or M2 Pro Mac (16 GB) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gemma 4 12B | 4.7–6.5 | +2.6 | +4.2 | +6.9 | +11 |
| ZDTaichu 5.0 9B | 6.0–8.2 | +3.3 | +5.3 | +8.7 | +13 |
| Ornith 1.5 9B | 6.1–8.3 | +3.3 | +5.4 | +8.8 | +14 |
| Qwen3.5 9B | 6.1–8.3 | +3.3 | +5.4 | +8.8 | +14 |
| Ornith 1.0 9B | 6.2–8.5 | +3.4 | +5.5 | +9.1 | +14 |
| MiMo V2.6 Distill Qwen 9B | 6.2–8.5 | +3.4 | +5.5 | +9.1 | +14 |
| Granite 4.2 8B | 5.6–7.7 | +3.1 | +5.0 | +8.1 | +13 |
| LFM2.5 8B-A1B | 20–33 | +12 | +19 | +31 | +48 |
| Qwen3 8B | 6.0–8.3 | +3.3 | +5.4 | +8.8 | +14 |
| Llama 3.1 8B | 6.3–8.6 | +3.4 | +5.6 | +9.1 | +14 |
| Gemma 4 E4B | 7.4–10 | +4.0 | +6.6 | +11 | +17 |
| Ling 3.0 Tiny 7.9B-A1.3B | 23–40 | +14 | +23 | +37 | +57 |
Near misses on M1 Mac (16 GB)
Models that miss at Q4_K_M with 32,768 tokens of context (or their whole window), or leave under 0.5 GB free there, but fit with a shorter context or 3-bit weights, or are short by at most a quarter of the memory and fit with MoE offload. Smallest shortfall first.
| Model | Short by at Q4_K_M | Fits instead |
|---|---|---|
| Qwen3 8B 8.2B | Tight, 178 MB free | Q4_K_M with 29K context |
| Granite 4.2 8B 8.8B | 767 MB | Q4_K_M with 24K context |
How these numbers are worked out
Memory is the weights at each precision plus the KV cache for 8,192 tokens in FP16 and runtime overhead (0.5 GB plus 10%), computed from each model's files on Hugging Face with the LLM VRAM Calculator. Speed is estimated from memory bandwidth and the parameters read per token with the LLM Speed Calculator. Both tools take any other model from Hugging Face.
Nearby GPUs and setups
How many of the tracked models each one holds at Q4_K_M with 8K context, against 17 here.
| Setup | How it relates | Memory | Bandwidth | Models at Q4_K_M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M2 or M3 Mac (16 GB) | Same memory | 10.7 GB usable | 100 GB/s | 17 (same) |
| M4 Mac (16 GB) | Same memory | 10.7 GB usable | 120 GB/s | 17 (same) |
| M5 Mac (16 GB) | Same memory | 10.7 GB usable | 153 GB/s | 17 (same) |
| M1 Pro or M2 Pro Mac (16 GB) | Same memory | 10.7 GB usable | 200 GB/s | 17 (same) |
| M2 or M3 Mac (8 GB) | Next size down | 5.3 GB usable | 100 GB/s | 5 (−12) |
| M3 Pro Mac (18 GB) | Next size up | 12 GB usable | 150 GB/s | 17 (same) |
Model numbers read from Hugging Face on .